Orgins of Bozok site in Kazakhstan goes back to the period of Turkic khaganates. The Bozok site is a cult center of early medieval era unify such as other cult-memorial complexes of the eastern and western outskirts of Eurasian steppes. Bozok is a manifestation of the initial period of the development of the Eurasian expanse by Turkic-speaking nomads.

Coins from contiguous states came into the Central Asian and Eastern Chinese Turkestan regions alongside the Silk Road together with diplomatic missions and trade caravans.  These coinage locations, issuers’ identification and the date of emission provide crucial information for concerning the history of the Silk Road in regions of modern Kyrgyzstan.

In 2008, stone bases of different sizes, pilasters manufactured of limestone in Greek-Bactrian architectural style, and a stone mock-up of chartak were discovered during the course of archaeological prospecting in Parhar region of Tajikistan. Archaeological findings in this region indicate that a Zoroastrian fire temple must have towered above an underlying village.

The early Islamic Caliphate inherited a variety of cultural and scientific traditions, as it incorporated ancient centers of learning and civilization such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Iran. In turn, the Abbasid caliphs greatly cultivated the arts and sciences, and Baghdad became a famous intellectual center. Works were translated from Greek and Persian and great advances were made in the study sciences, especially arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry.

Earlier states in the territory of modern Mongolia created a favourable condition for cultural interactions between the East and the West. Horse messenger service, which was developed by the nomad, and caravan transportation also contribute to such interaction.

Orhon scripts should be named according to the place they are discovered. The discovery of the monuments bearing these scripts enables the founding and development of ancient Turkish studies. An atlas of all the monuments with Orhon scripts is urgently needed. To study these monuments requires interdisciplinary and international collaboration.

The trading routes across Asia permitted not only the passage of goods but also of ideas. Scientists and scholars travelled along these routes too, moving from court to court, and so scientific knowledge was dispersed across Asia. Astronomy was one of the first sciences to emerge, as a navigational tool, and was developed by medieval Indian and Iranian astronomers.  Mathematics, chemistry, and alchemy also passed along the trade routes, and from these sciences developed the technology for making medicines.

The Silk Roads facilitated the passage of not only goods to trade but also the knowledge and technology that went into producing them. Foodstuffs were often traded across Central Asia, and with them, an exchange in technologies and agricultural practices too, as well as new crops and even new breeds of animals.

The Silk Routes were of great importance in the passage of not only goods and crafts but also of religions and ideologies throughout Central Asia, the Near East and Europe. Buddhism spread from India into northern Asia, Mongolia, and China, whilst Christianity and Islam emerged and were disseminated by trade, pilgrims, and military conquest.  The literary, architectural and artistic effects of this can be traced today in the cultures of civilizations along the Silk Routes. 

Ghengis Khan and his Mongol armies rose to power at the end of the twelfth century, at a moment when few opposing rulers could put up much resistance to them.  The vast Mongol empire he created stretched from China to Europe, across which the Silk Routes functioned as efficient lines of communication as well as trade.