Tibetan sources indicate that Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, was born in 1182, but this date is contradicted by Mongolian chronicles and Arab writings. A famous Mongolian historian and scientist subsequently fixed the birth date on the 31^st of May, 1162. Starting from the Mongolian astrological birth date of Genghis Khan, it is possible to recalculate the exact day and situate it on the 1^st of May, 1162.

Many petroglyphs in Central Asia and neighbouring areas feature anthropomorphic figures with heads surrounded by rays and widely spread fingers. Some of these images, which can also be found on ceramics, represent headgear or masks made from bird feathers. The “sunheaded” figures were often accompanied by horses and chariots. They certainly spring from Indo-European myths of solar deities, especially Mitra, who appears in the Rigveda and Avesta.

During the Abbasid Caliphate which stretched to the borders of China, its capital Baghdad was a meeting point of the land and sea Silk Routes as well as an important trading centre. Several cities in Iraq became famous for the silk they produced and sold. Thus, for instance, Attabi silk textile from the region of Attabiya was adopted by Persians who produced it in Isfahan, and embroidered silk from Mosul was exported to various countries in Asia and Europe. Other silk-producing cities included Basrah, Kufa, Hira, Anbar and Numaniya.

The funerary site of Maoqinggou provides some interesting insight into social structures and the political order in Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou period. According to the burial objects in the 79 graves dating from the 8^th to the 3^rd century BC, there seem to have been few social differences linked to gender or age.

In Japan, interest in the Silk Road flourished considerably after World War II. Japanese scholars travelled to locations on the Silk Road and wrote a number of important studies on their research. An expedition in 1966 sparked a “Silk Road fever” which led to the publication of numerous popular books on the subject and to the emergence of a “Silk Road” TV series and specialized travel agencies. The Silk Road also became an important topic for artists, writers, scientists and anthropologists.

The Zhu Fan Zhi (“A description of different countries”) which was written in the 13^th century AD by Zhao Rukua, a customs officer in Quanzhou and a descendent of the royal family, provides precious knowledge about the geography and economy in different Southeast Asian countries, as well as about navigation routes during the Song dynasty.

Various textual sources have revealed the existence of several kingdoms, trading centres and harbour cities on the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra from the 3^rd century AD onwards. They subsequently came under the influence of the kingdom of Funan and the kingdom of Srivijaya, which relied on the help of sea people, the so-called “orang laut”, to gain power over Sumatra. By the late 7^th century, Srivijaya was the major maritime power in Southeast Asia, and Palembang became the most important entrepot.

Camel caravans, which could cover distances from 30 to 40 kilometres a day, used to play a major role as a means of transport in the Mongolian economy and trade. Caravan leaders, whose living conditions were very hard and who had an important function in society, had to combine various skills with knowledge and experience. Caravan roads through Mongolia linked important commercial centres in the country with Chinese and Russian towns. Furthermore, they were used by European merchants for their trade with China.

Mongolia attracts tourism of diverse kinds, such as environment/ adventure tourism, historical tourism, ethnic tourism and cultural tourism. Museums and crafts play a major role in the tourism industry. While art forms such as painting, folk songs and dance flourish and are widely recognized in Mongolia, craft skills, which are vital for the country’s cultural identity, also need to be valued. The survival of Mongolia’s craft skills is threatened by modernization and changing fashions.

By the 8^th century, Muslim merchants sailing to the East established colonies and large numbers of them settled in China. They certainly came in contact with merchants from the Korean peninsula, since the kingdom of Silla entertained close political, economic and cultural relations with Tang China. Thus, elements of Islamic culture were introduced in Silla. Medieval Muslim sources contain numerous references to Silla, but their information was not very accurate.