Monetary Systems and Prices

The survival of coins is the most direct means of access for the historian to the monetary systems of Central Asia in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. In northern parts of Central Asia, there were frequent monetary reforms under the Shaybanid and Janid dynasties. The minting of coins was also a powerful political symbol, as seen in the Kokand and Khiva khanates, the Bukhara emirate, and in Safavid Persia.