Step 1 Select a dimension of ex/inclusion Open
Multidimensional
Relational
Intersecting risks and drivers
Dynamic
Multi-layered and contextual
ParticipatorySome groups are at a higher risk of exclusion and inequality, but the status of excluded often transcends a single group affiliation and lies at the intersection of multiple identities. Being a female – as a factor – may not automatically put someone at a high risk of exclusion from the labour market. But being a Roma woman from an under-served rural community in Central and Eastern Europe increases the risk dramatically.
The traditional group-based approach to ex/inclusion is primarily concerned with identification and support, through social insurance, of excluded groups vulnerable to uninsured risks. More recent approaches focus on individual risks, pointing out that the group-based lens may not provide strong evidentiary basis to weigh policy options in the case of multiple sources of exclusion. Applied individually, both of these approaches may suffer from errors and blind spots. Yet a combination of the two – i.e., an approach of intersecting risks and drivers – is feasible and has a solid policy value.
Four inclusive policy markers are used to operationalize this dimension.
Step 2 Select an Inclusive Policy Marker Open
Drivers of exclusion – which may be entrenched in values, behaviours, institutions and/or policies themselves – help exclusion risks materialize. Two key considerations elaborate on what is to be tackled in this regard.
Step 3 Select a Policy Design Consideration
Detection and removal of exclusion drivers is part of inclusive interventions. The occurrence of exclusion depends on the interactions between risks and a set of structural, behavioural and policy-related drivers. Structural (institutionalized) drivers are those that operate through (public or private) institutions that allocate resources and assign value in a given jurisdiction. Values and behavioural drivers are those relating to discriminatory attitudes and cultural practices. Among their many individual-level impacts, this set of drivers regulates norms and behaviours in society, having a concrete impact on political culture, structures, institutions and policies. Last but not least, policies themselves can drive exclusion by either intentionally or unintentionally perpetuating the aforementioned barriers and/or failing to respond to the needs of the excluded and exclusion-prone populations. An example that encompasses a number of these drivers of exclusion is the legacy of institutionalized care in the post-socialist countries of Europe and Central Asia which, in part due to its path dependency and persistent attitudes, is thought to perpetuate the institutionalization of persons with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups rather than exploring alternative scenarios (e.g. integration in mainstream education, community-based housing etc.) that may lead to a better integration in society and a higher degree of independent living.
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